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January 25, 2012 - No. 6 Workers' Movement Lockouts and the Reactionary Rebellion
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from its plants in the
U.S. to meet much of the demand of its Canadian customers. Another
aspect of the relative strength of the owners of monopoly capital and
their political representatives is the elevated
permanent rate of unemployment. The vast pool of unemployed workers
becomes a market to recruit anti-worker mercenaries as scabs and
paramilitary forces to continue production or the provision of services
during a lockout. Over 900 anti-worker mercenary scabs are being used
during the lockout at American
Crystal Sugar and to a lesser extent at Rio Tinto's Alma plant with the
use of already outsourced non-union contract workers. Owners of
monopoly capital in connivance with governments have a variety of
tactics they use during lockouts to force workers into concessionary
contracts or destroy their trade unions,
including legislation such as that used against Canada Post and Air
Canada workers.
effective
Workers' Opposition and mass Communist Party. The working class and its
allies require organizational forms in
every workplace and neighbourhood in which they can unite, discuss,
analyze and produce media voices and groups of writers and
disseminators
that inform the people, plan actions to defend the rights of all and
mobilize the people around a pro-social aim. USW Quebec Director Daniel Roy (left) with President of Local 9490 Mark Maltais in Alma, January 12, 2012. (STAA) |
Daniel Roy, Quebec Director of the Syndicat des Métallos (United Steelworkers/USW), announced on January 12 at a rally in Alma, Quebec, that the USW and unions around the world are drawing a line in the sand against Rio Tinto after the company locked out 780 USW Local 9490 members 24 hours prior to its legal authority to do so under the Quebec labour code.
"Rio Tinto has declared war not only on USW members but on our communities, on Quebec and on Canada," said Roy. "We believe Rio Tinto will use its attacks in Alma to begin a major assault on workers and communities around the globe."
The company is demanding to replace every retiring worker with a contract worker at half the wages currently earned by current unionized employees at its Alma aluminum smelter. Rio Tinto informed workers that it intends to increase the proportion of contract employees from 10.7 to 27 per cent in 2012 alone without consulting the union.
According to Roy, accepting this demand would cause a dramatic downward economic spiral not only for the workers but for members of the community which would see income, local business sales and tax revenues drop precipitously. In less than a decade, as retirements occur, the proportion of unionized workers will be greatly diminished and workers will lose their power to protect not only their economic well being but also their health and safety at the Alma plant where workers are exposed to extreme heat, explosive materials and toxic chemicals.
The International Metalworkers Federation (IMF) and the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM), whose affiliates together represent over 45 million union members throughout the world, have pledged their full support to the locked out workers in Alma. In a joint letter to Rio Tinto CEO Tom Albanese, IMF General Secretary Jyrki Raina and ICEM General Secretary Manfred Warda wrote, "Our two global federations will join an international campaign announced by the United Steelworkers against Rio Tinto."
Already offers of support have come from trade unions in
the U.S., United Kingdom, France, South Africa and Australia and plans
are underway for a series of global actions against Rio Tinto in
addition to continuing actions in Alma and throughout Canada and the
U.S.
Ken Neumann, USW Canadian National Director, links the struggle in Alma to the fight in London, Ontario, where members of the Canadian Auto Workers at Caterpillar's Electro-Motive Diesel plant have also been locked out since January 1 after workers rejected demands to immediately cut wages in half, eliminate benefits and gut pensions.
"Both Rio Tinto and Caterpillar are committing economic rape of Canadian workers and communities with help from Prime Minister Stephen Harper who allowed foreign corporations to invade our country without any net benefit to Canada," said Neumann.
 Workers from CAW Local 2301 at Rio Tinto's smelter and the Kemano power generating facility in Kitimat, BC and workers from CAW Local 666 at the Niobec mine in Saint-Honoré, QC visit Alma, January 24, 2012. (Martin McIlwrath) |
Harper gave approval to the takeovers of Alcan in 2007 by United Kingdom and Australia based Rio Tinto and of Electro-Motive Diesel in 2010 by U.S. based Caterpillar. Under the Investment Canada Act, such takeovers of Canadian companies require foreign companies to demonstrate a "net benefit" to Canada. Similarly, US Steel acquired two Stelco steel mill operations in 2007 and proceeded to lock out workers in Nanticoke and Hamilton and forced USW members to take major concessions. In 2009, after its takeover of Canadian miner Inco Ltd., Brazil-based Vale forced 3,500 USW members on strike in three locations, resulting in major pension cuts for newly hired workers.
"We are seeing an outpouring of support from around Canada and other parts of the world for the workers in Alma and London that we have rarely seen in the past," said Neumann. "Yet our own government which should be standing up for Canadian citizens and workers has been silent."
Latin America and the Caribbean
Cuba's Truths
Over the last few days, the media and representatives of certain governments traditionally committed to anti-Cuba subversion have unleashed a new campaign of accusations, unscrupulously taking advantage of a lamentable event: the death of an ordinary prisoner, which possibly only in the case of Cuba, is converted into news of international repercussion.
The method utilized is the same one as always: fruitlessly attempting, through repetition, to demonize Cuba, in this case through the deliberate manipulation of an incident which is absolutely exceptional in this country.
This so-called political prisoner was serving a four-year sentence after a fair legal process during which he was at liberty and a trial in accordance with the law, for a brutal physical attack on his wife in public and violent resistance to arrest by police agents.
This man died from multi-organ failure due to an acute respiratory infection, despite having received appropriate medical attention, including specialized medication and treatment in the intensive care room of Santiago de Cuba's principal hospital.
Why did Spanish authorities and certain members of the European Union hasten to condemn Cuba without any investigation into the incident? Why do they always utilize pre-fabricated lies in the context of Cuba? Why, in addition to lying, do they censor the truth? Why is the voice and truth about Cuba openly denied the smallest space in the international media?
They are acting both cynically and hypocritically. How would they describe the recent manifestations of police brutality in Spain and a large part of "educated and civilized" Europe against the indignados movement?
Why is there no concern over the dramatic situation of overcrowding in Spanish jails with a high immigrant population -- in excess of 35% of total prisoners in the country -- according to the most recent report by the ACAIP prison union, dated April 3, 2010?
Who has made any effort to investigate the death in July of 2011 in the Spanish penitentiary of Teruel, of Tohuami Hamdaoui, an ordinary prisoner of Moroccan origin after a hunger strike of several months? Who has reflected on the fact that he insisted he was innocent?
Has the Chilean spokesperson slandering us by asserting that the dead man was a political dissident on his 50th day of hunger strike lost his memory and sense of reality? He must remember his days as a student leader linked to Pinochet's troops, who massacred Chileans and instituted disappearances and torture throughout the Southern Cone via Plan Condor, while there have been no statements about the harsh repression of students peacefully demonstrating in defense of the human right to universal and free education. Is he one of those who supported re-labeling the Pinochet dictatorship a military regime in school textbooks? Has he made any statement about the repressive and arbitrary Anti-Terrorist Law implemented against Mapuche prisoners on hunger strike?
The United States government, the principal instigator of any effort to discredit Cuba in order to justify its policy of hostility, subversion and the economic, political and media blockade of Cuba, could not be missing from this campaign.
The hypocrisy of spokespersons for the United States, a country with a poor human rights record at home and abroad, is staggering. The UN Human Rights Council has acknowledged frequent serious violations in this country of women's rights, in the treatment of persons, racial and ethnic discrimination, inhuman conditions in prisons, neglect of inmates, a differentiated racial standard and frequent judicial errors in imposing capital punishment, and the execution of minors and the mentally ill. This is compounded by abuses of the migratory detention system, deaths along the militarized southern border, atrocious acts against human dignity and the killing of innocent civilians by U.S. army troops in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries, not to mention arbitrary detentions and acts of torture perpetrated in the illegally occupied Guantánamo Naval Base.
It is barely known that
three people died in the United
States last November 2011 during a mass hunger strike of prisoners in
California. According to testimonies from prisoners in adjoining cells,
prison guards offered no assistance whatsoever and ignored their cries
for help, as opposed to the abusive practice
of force feeding hunger strikers.
A few weeks previously, African American Troy Davis was executed despite a large body of evidence demonstrating legal errors in his case. The White House and the Department of State did nothing about this case.
A total of 90 prisoners have been executed since January 2010 to date in the United States, while a further 3,220 remain on death row. The government frequently brutally represses those who dare to expose injustices within the system.
This new attack on Cuba is clearly politically motivated and has nothing to do with legitimate concerns for the lives of Cuban men and women. It is fuelled by the complicity of the financial-media corporations such as the Prisa Group and the corporation running CNN en Español, in the finest style of the Miami Mafia. It is irrationally accusing the Cuban government without having made any investigation into the facts. Condemnation and judgment are made a priori.
It is apparent from the immediate and crude response of authorities and the apparatus in the service of media aggression against Cuba that they did not even take the trouble to confirm the information. The truth is unimportant if the intention is to fabricate and sell a false image of alleged flagrant and systematic violations of civil liberties in Cuba which could one day justify an intervention in order to "protect defenseless Cuban civilians."
The attempt to impose a distorted image of Cuba meant to indicate a notable deterioration in human rights, to construct an allegedly victimized opposition dying in prison, where health services are denied, is evident.
The humanist vocation of Cuban doctors and health personnel, who spare no effort or the country's scant resources -- to a large extent the result of the criminal 50-year blockade imposed on the Cuban people -- to save lives and improve the health standards of their own people and in many other nations is well known.
Cuba is respected and admired by many peoples and governments who recognize its social undertakings at home and abroad.
Deeds speak louder than words. Anti-Cuban campaigns will not inflict any damage on the Cuban Revolution or the people, who will continue improving their socialism.
The truth of Cuba is that of a country in which human beings are most valued: a life expectancy rate at birth of 77.9 years; free health coverage for the entire population; an infant mortality rate of 4.9 per 1,000 live births, a figure exceeding that of the United States and the lowest on the continent along with Canada; a literate population with full and free access to all levels of education; 96% participation in the 2008 general elections; and a democratic process of discussion of the new economic and social guidelines prior to the 6th Congress of the Communist Party.
The truth of Cuba is that
of a country which has taken
its universities and schools to penitentiaries holding inmates who had
fair and impartial trials, who receive the same wages for work
undertaken, and enjoy high levels of medical attention without any
distinction in terms of ethnicity, gender, creed or social
origin.
It will be demonstrated yet again that lies, however much they are repeated, do not necessarily become truths, because, as José Martí stated, "A just principle, from the depths of a cave, can do more than an army."
Britain Increases Military Presence on the Malvinas
Sign at left reads: "The Malvinas are Argentina's"; right: protest outside British Embassy in
Buenos Aires, Argentina, January 20, 2012. Signs read: "British Out of the Malvinas."
The British government has approved a contingency plan to increase its troops in the vicinity of the Malvinas, which will heighten the conflict with Argentina over the Islands, usurped by the UK in 1833, Granma International reports. Its plans call for the rapid deployment of troops in the area via Ascension Island. It already has a garrison of 1,700 troops on the Malvinas, almost equal to the local population. Added to this, it is suspected there are nuclear submarines in the area, given the British Defense Minister's refusal to confirm or deny the question.
UK Prime Minister David Cameron "accused Argentina of colonialism for insisting on its sovereign claim to the Islands, which provoked an angry response from Buenos Aires, demanding that London accept the UN resolution on a peaceful negotiated solution to the conflict," Granma informs. "Meanwhile, the UK Premier who, according to The Times, is pushing for military escalation, said that he was determined to ensure that UK defenses and everything else is in order on convening the UN Security Council to address the situation of the Malvinas," Granma adds.
The Malvinas were seized by Britain in 1833 and fought over in a 74-day war in 1982. Britain lost 255 soldiers in the conflict, the highest wartime fatalities it had suffered since the Korean War and the Malayan conflict, subsequently surpassed by the British death toll in Afghanistan. The Argentinians lost 649 military personnel.
What Is Britain Up to in the South Atlantic?
In a February 23, 2010 article entitled, "South Atlantic: Britain May Provoke New Conflict with Argentina," Rick Rozoff points out that on February 22, 2010 the British Desire Petroleum company started exploring for oil and gas 100 km north of the Malvinas.
Argentina
immediately filed a formal protest with the British government saying
"Neighbouring Argentina, which lays claim
to the islands, is fiercely opposed to the drilling."[1] Argentine
President Cristina Fernandez called the actions 'unilateral and
illegal'[2] and a breach of Argentine
sovereignty.
"There continues to be systematic violation of international law that should be respected by all countries...," Fernandez said.[3]
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said at that time, "We support unconditionally the Argentine government and the Argentine people in their complaints. That sea and that land belongs to Argentina and to Latin America."[4]
Indicating the dangerous dimension a new British-provoked altercation with Argentina can escalate into, he also said at the time, "The English are still threatening Argentina. Things have changed. We are no longer in 1982. If conflict breaks out, be sure Argentina will not be alone like it was back then."[5]
While highlighting the military threat posed by Britain off the coast of Argentina, he alluded to a British submarine site in the Malvinas and said "we demand not only [that] the submarine platform be removed, but also [that] the British government follow the resolutions of the United Nations and give back that territory to the Argentine People."[6]
In late December Britain conducted a two-day military operation off the coast of the Falklands/Las Malvinas which included the use of Typhoon multi-role fighters and warships. The exercises, code-named Cape Bayonet, "took place during a tour of the Falklands by British forces ahead of the start of drilling in the basin in February 2010" and "simulated an enemy invasion..."[7]
A news report at the time added, "Britain has strengthened its military presence in the Falklands since the [1982] war and has a major operational base at Mount Pleasant, 35 miles from the capital Stanley.
"The prospect of the islands transforming into a major source of oil revenue for Britain has raised the military's argument for more funding to beef up the forces in South Atlantic."[8]
Four days before British drilling began off the islands, Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated, "We have made all the preparations that are necessary to make sure that the Falkland Islanders are properly protected,"[9] although Argentine officials have repeatedly denied the possibility of a military response to British encroachments and provocations in the South Atlantic Ocean.
On the same day, February 18, Argentina's Vice Minister of Foreign Relations Victorio Taccetti accused Britain of "a unilateral act of aggression and subjugation"[10] in moving to seize oil and gas in the disputed region. Buenos Aires has prohibited ships from going to and coming from the Falklands/Las Malvinas through Argentine waters.
What is at stake are, according to British Geological Survey estimates, as many as 60 billion barrels of oil under the waters off the Falklands/Las Malvinas.
In late January a Russian military analyst explained that even that colossal energy bonanza is not all that Britain covets near the Falklands/Las Malvinas and further south.
 Click to enlarge. |
Ilya Kramnik wrote that "along with the neighboring islands controlled by the U.K., the Falklands are the de facto gateway to the Antarctic, which explains London's tenacity in maintaining sovereignty over them and the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, as well as territorial claims regarding the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands under the Antarctic Treaty."
Regarding Antarctica itself, "Under the ice, under the continental shelf, there are enormous mineral resources and the surrounding seas are full of bio-resources. In addition, the glaciers of Antarctica contain 90% of the world's fresh water, the shortage of which becomes all the more acute with the growth in the world's population."[11]
A Chinese analysis of over two years earlier described what Britain in part went to war for in 1982 and why it may do so again: Control of broad tracts of Antarctica.
"The vastness of seemingly barren, ice-covered land is uncovered and exposed to the outside world, revealing a 'treasure basin' with incredibly abundant mineral deposits and energy reserves... A layer of Permian Period coal exists on the mainland, and holds 500 billion tons in known reserves.
"The thick ice dome over the land is home to the world's largest reservoir for fresh water; holds approximately 29.3 million cubic kilometers of ice; and makes up 75% of earth's fresh water supply.
"It is possible to say that the South Pole could feed the entire world with its abundant supplies of food [fish] and fresh water... [T]he value of the South Pole is not confined to the economic sphere; it also lies in its strategic position.
"The US Coast Guard has long had garrisons in the region, and the US Air Force is the number one air power in the region."[12]
The feature from which the preceding excerpts originated ended with a warning: "[T]he South Pole [Antarctic] Treaty points out that the South Pole can only be exploited and developed for the sake of peace; and can not be a battle ground. Otherwise, the ice-cold South Pole could prove a fiercely hot battlefield."[13]
Two days before the May 13, 2009 deadline for "states to stake their claims in what some experts [have described] as the last big carve-up of maritime territory in history,"[14] Britain submitted a claim to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf for one million square kilometers in the South Atlantic reaching into the Antarctic Ocean.
An article in this series written five days afterward
detailed the
new scramble for Antarctica initiated by Britain and Australia, the
second being granted 2.5 million additional square kilometers in the
Antarctic Ocean in April of 2008.[15]
A newspaper in the United Kingdom wrote about London's million-kilometer South Atlantic and Antarctic ambitions beforehand that "Not since the Golden Age of the Empire has Britain staked its claim to such a vast area of land on the world stage. And while the British Empire may be long gone, the Antarctic has emerged as the latest battleground for rival powers competing on several fronts to secure valuable oil-rich territory .The Falklands claim has the most potential for political fall-out, given that Britain and Argentina fought over the islands 25 years ago, and the value of the oil under the sea in the region is understood to be immense. Seismic tests suggest there could be about 60 billion barrels of oil under the ocean floor."[16]
Last autumn a Russian news source warned: "Many believe that the 1982 war between Britain and Argentina with almost 1,000 servicemen killed in the hostilities was all about oil and gas fields in the South Atlantic. In this sense, Desire Petroleum should certainly think twice before starting to capitalize on what was a subject of the bloodbath in 1982..."
Regarding the territorial claims submitted by Britain last May (still in deliberations at the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf), the report pointed out London's "eagerness to expand its Falkland Islands' continental shelf from 200 to 350 nautical miles, which would enable Britain to develop new oil fields in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands," and ended with a somber warning:
"Given London's unwillingness to try to arrive at a political accommodation with Buenos Aires, a UN special commission will surely have tougher times ahead as far as its final decision on the continental shelf goes. And it is only to be hoped that Britain will be wise enough not to turn the Falkland Islands into another regional hot spot."[17]
Unlike the first South Atlantic war of 1982, when the regime of General Leopoldo Galtieri garnered no support from other Latin American nations, a future standoff or armed conflict between Argentina and Britain over the Falklands/Las Malvinas will see Latin American and Caribbean states acting in solidarity with Argentina.
If the United Kingdom succeeds in provoking a new war, it in turn will appeal to its NATO allies for logistical, surveillance and other forms of assistance, including direct military intervention if required. In addition to the U.S. and Canada, Britain's NATO allies in the Western Hemisphere include France and the Netherlands with their possessions and military bases in the Caribbean and South America.
Britain is playing with fire and if it ignites a new conflict it could rapidly spread far beyond the waters off the southern tip of South America.
Notes
1. Radio Netherlands, February
22, 2010
2. Associated Press, February 22, 2010
3. Reuters, February 22, 2010
4. Reuters, February 22, 2010
5. The
Times (London),
February 23, 2010
6. Xinhua News Agency, February 23, 2010
7. United Press International, December
28, 2009
8. Ibid
9. Reuters, February 18, 2010
10. Xinhua News Agency, February 19, 2010
11. Russian Information Agency Novosti,
January 28, 2010
12. People's
Daily, December
4, 2007
13. Ibid
14. Reuters, October 7, 2007
15. "Scramble For World Resources: Battle
For Antarctica," Stop NATO,
May 16, 2009
16. The
Scotsman, October 23,
2007
17. Voice of Russia, September 16, 2009
(Source: "South Atlantic: Britain May Provoke New Conflict With Argentina," Rick Rozoff, Stop NATO, February 23, 2010, http://rickrozoff.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/south-atlantic-britain-may-provoke-new-conflict-with-argentina/)
The Puppet, the Dictator and the President:
Haiti Today and Tomorrow
Lost amidst the heart-wrenching stories and photographs
of the "poor Haitians" living in squalor and misery circulating on the
second anniversary of the 12 January 2010 earthquake, another set of
images appeared. Few people noticed these other images -- they received
little attention in the mainstream media -- but they offer an insight
into the prospects for Haiti's reconstruction and, indeed, into the
prospects for Haiti's political and economic future.
The images were taken during the official commemoration ceremonies at the hillside of Titanyen,[1] north of Port-au-Prince, where former dictators Jean Claude Duvalier and his father, Francois Duvalier, discarded the bodies of their political opponents. After the earthquake, it became the gravesite of thousands of unidentified earthquake victims. During the ceremonies, local delegates and international diplomats paid their respects to the Haitians that lost their lives and pledged to help those who lived. But the most striking image that emerged during the ceremonies was that of an immoral triumvirate. Rubbing shoulders on stage, shaking hands and exchanging pleasantries were Haitian President Michel Martelly, former US President and UN Special Envoy Bill Clinton and Jean Claude Duvalier. To understand the future of Haiti, we have to shift our focus from the "poor Haitians" who dominate Haiti coverage and understand the significance of these three figures to the shaping of US imperial designs on Haiti.
 Jean-Claude Duvalier greets the President of Haiti and the First Lady, while former U.S. President Bill Clinton looks on, January 13, 2012. |
What does Duvalier symbolize? For Haiti's elite, he represents a form of totalitarian nostalgia. There is a cultish aura that surrounds Duvalier, a reminder of the era of "macoutized bourgeoisie," as journalist Kim Ives has referred to it,[8] when there was an alliance between the elite and the paramilitary forces of terror. But Duvalierism was also good for US politics and economics. In the 1960s, they needed Francois ("Papa Doc") Duvalier to offset the rise of revolutionary communist Cuba. Under Jean Claude ("Baby Doc"), they were able to open up the Haitian markets and resources to US businesses, expand sweatshops, and lay the basis for the coming neoliberal economic policies.
This is where the US-selected President Martelly and "Papa" Bill Clinton come in. As we've pointed out here on Black Agenda Report,[9] right-wing candidate Martelly was handpicked by the Obama administration to become Haiti's president in a forced election marred by irregularities and low voter turn out. More importantly, he is the face -- and backbone -- of a resurgent Duvalierism. His Duvalier affinities are well known as is his animus towards former President Aristide.[10] He has historic ties with Duvalier loyalists, has called for "amnesty" for Duvalier,[11] and is now in the process of reestablishing the Haitian army. Moreover, his erratic and belligerent interactions with his constituency and political colleagues -- and, in particular, his threats against Haitian journalists -- are early indications of his repressive tendencies.
But he is a good puppet. As Ezili Danto of the Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network reminds us: "Martelly is merely a tool to be used by those 'more schooled in the patterns of privilege and domination' than any self-serving Haiti politician could ever dream to be. Martelly is the valve that releases accumulated surface pressure while reinforcing the 'violent Haitian' narrative. Brilliant US/Euro move. A no brainer." In the meantime, he will open up Haiti to permanent US occupation and economic exploitation while terrorizing Haitians who fight back. As the US attempts to consolidate its military presence in the Western hemisphere, control of Haiti is important. For many, this is one of the reasons explaining Haiti's current military occupation by the UN-led criminal force, MINUSTAH, the largest UN military force in a country that is not at war. It is also the reason for the massive new US embassy in Haiti, the fourth largest US embassy in the world.
And then there's Bill Clinton. Clinton provides the "kind" face of US control of Haiti.[12] With his push to turn Haiti into a Western tourist paradise while Haitians become cheap sweatshop labor for making Western goods,[13] Clinton is the arbiter of a new phase of neoliberalism. Clinton practically dictates Haitian policy. In fact, in one of the more absurd and nepotistic twists of Haiti's political history, Haiti's Prime Minister, Gary Conille, is Clinton's former chief of staff. Conille also has a long family history with the Duvaliers: his father was a minister to Baby Doc.[14] As @dominique_e recently said on twitter, everything is set to "kill Haiti with neoliberalism."
Last week, Glen Ford remarked that in the US media, "Haiti is most often spoken of as a tragedy -- when it is actually the scene of horrific crimes, mainly perpetrated by the United States over the span of two centuries."[15] With the puppet, the dictator, and the president on the scene, it is hard to imagine a more sinister cohort guiding Haiti down the path of US exploitation.
Notes
1.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR36/007/2011/en
2.
http://www.thegrio.com/news/us-urges-aristide-to-delay-return-
to-haiti.php
3.
http://www.ezilidanto.com/zili/2011/03/obama-fears-lavalas-ret
urns-duvalierists-refuses-aristide/
4. http://thepublicarchive.com/?p=2816
5. http://www.coha.org/tonton-macoutes/
6.
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publication
s/publications/duvalier-factsheet-20111213
7.
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2011/0119/How-strong-are-charges-against-Haiti-s-Jean-Claude-Duvalier-Very-say-experts
/%28page%29/2
8.
http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/volume4-27/A%20Class%20
Analysis%20of%20Baby%20Doc.asp
9.
http://blackagendareport.com/content/fools-and-sycophants-hai
ti's-presidential-selection
10.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/mar/2
2/haiti-jean-bertrand-aristide
11.
http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/volume4-40/As%20Inauguration%20Nears.asp
12. http://www.uruknet.info/?p=79976
13. https://nacla.org/node/6781
14.
http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/volume5-7/The%20Neo-Liberal.asp
15.
http://blackagendareport.com/content/haiti-raped-us-2004-and-still-bleeding
* Jemima Pierre, PhD, Black Agenda Report editor and columnist can be reached at BAR1804@gmail.com.
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