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Montreal rally for the “Yes” side in the Quebec referendum, October 25, 1995.

October 30, 2025 marks the 30th anniversary of the historic referendum vote held in 1995 on how to exercise the sovereignty of Quebec. It is instructive to review what took place at that time and its significance in light of the situation today, where 30 years later, the political arrangements imposed by the ruling circles continue to deprive the Quebec people, the people of Canada and Indigenous Peoples of their right to decide their own constitutions. The ruling elite block any new arrangements needed to sort out relations between the peoples and between the peoples and nature, based on the recognition of their rights as peoples and nations. It is up to a people to constitute the state, not the state to constitute the people.

In the summer of 1995 the Parti Québécois (PQ) government led by Jacques Parizeau presented Bill 1, An Act Respecting the Future of Quebec, to the Quebec National Assembly. Also known as the Sovereignty Bill, this bold move by the PQ government followed more than 20 years of failed inter-provincial conferences to recognize Quebec within Confederation and the refusal of the federal government to address Quebec’s demands for constitutional reforms.

The election of René Lévesque and a PQ government in 1976 clearly showed the desire of the Quebec people for recognition of their right to sovereignty and to control their economic, political, social and cultural affairs.

Instead of recognizing the need to modernize the Constitution and recognize the demands of the Quebec people, the political elites in Canada did everything to try to isolate and attack these just demands and isolate Quebec. In 1981, the Trudeau Liberals sought to consolidate René Lévesque’s referendum loss in 1980 by negotiating the inclusion of a Charter of Rights and Freedoms and an amending formula to the British North America Act 1867 (BNA Act), subsequently adopted by the British Parliament. On the basis of this imposition, they “patriated” the Constitution in 1982 without even bothering to consult the people of all of Canada or getting the consent of Quebec whose right to self-determination was not recognized, despite having until then called Quebec one of Canada’s “two founding nations.”

Through this manoeuvre, Pierre Elliott Trudeau sought to unilaterally diminish the role of the Quebec National Assembly and de facto take away the veto Quebec was understood to have within Confederation when it permitted the founding of Canada with three “English-speaking,” predominantly “protestant,” dominions. For this reason, Quebec’s jurisdiction over language rights and family code and jurisprudence based not on common law but the Napoleonic Code, amongst other matters, were enshrined in the BNA Act in return for its participation in the arrangements of Confederation. The government of Canada declared that these arrangements would be changed without submitting it to a federal vote or a vote in Quebec. The people were to have no say over what is called their Constitution and to this day, Quebec has never ever signed the so-called Constitution Act 1982.

When Trudeau sought to unilaterally “patriate” the Constitution, the PQ government immediately launched a court challenge. When the case reached the Supreme Court, the decision handed down was as ambiguous as ambiguous could be. The “patriation” was “legal but illegitimate,” the Supreme Court ruled. The Supreme Court did nonetheless agree that reducing Quebec to the status of one of ten provinces was a radical change from the arrangements reached in 1867, which were a balance between rights as practiced in 1867.

This decision of the Supreme Court led to the infamous “night of the long knives” of November 4, 1981 when Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Jean Chrétien, then Minister of Justice, used the occasion of a federal-provincial conference to make deals in the middle of the night with seven of the provinces, behind the backs of the Quebec delegates. As Trudeau’s Minister of Justice and Minister for Constitutional Negotiations, Chrétien was instrumental in drafting the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms and engineering with Trudeau the “patriation” of the Constitution.

This deceitful act of the Trudeau government was intended to further isolate Quebec and to make legal what had been declared illegitimate by the Supreme Court. Quebec alone opposed the “patriation” of the Constitution based on its exclusion from the deals the Trudeau government was making in its desperate attempt to resolve the constitutional crisis.

These destructive events have never been forgotten by the people of Quebec and cannot be made to go away because the need to modernize the constitutional arrangements is objective and only be resolved by the people themselves directly writing their own constitutions on the basis of modern constitutional principles. The manner in which the Anglo-Canadian establishment and institutions chose to deal with the matter in 1982, also showed the viciousness of the Liberal government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau towards the just demands of the Quebec people for new arrangements and a modern constitution. The government proceeded to give vent to a new chapter of Quebec bashing with attempts to marginalize Quebec using every conceivable basis.

The stated purpose of Bill 1, An Act Respecting the Future of Quebec, presented to the Quebec National Assembly by the PQ government of Jacques Parizeau in 1995 was to give the Quebec National Assembly the power to declare the sovereignty of Quebec and to have “the exclusive power to pass its laws, levy all its taxes, and conclude all its treaties.”

The bill called for the drafting of a new Quebec Constitution, maintaining Quebec’s current borders, the creation of Quebec citizenship, use of the Canadian dollar and continuity of current laws and social benefits. The bill contained the requirement that the government of Quebec propose a partnership treaty with the rest of Canada based on a Parizeau-Bouchard-Dumont “Tripartite Agreement.” This agreement outlined a series of proposals a sovereign Quebec would make to Canada to govern relations between the countries. It was signed on June 12, 1995 by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau, Bloc Québécois leader Lucien Bouchard and Action Démocratique du Québec leader Mario Dumont, the ADQ being the precursor of the current Coalition Avenir Québec led by François Legault.

The bill enjoyed widespread support in Quebec society and the conditions showed that the time was right to declare the sovereignty of Quebec. Progressive forces in Quebec and Canada also recognized that what was urgently needed was a new economic and political partnership between Quebec and Canada. The Quebec referendum of 1995 had an important role to play in overcoming the main roadblock to progress which was Liberal and federal intransigence against the sovereignty of Quebec and against democratic renewal and a new economic and political partnership between Quebec and Canada.

As part of its longstanding principled stand in support of the affirmation of Quebec nationhood, CPC(M-L) played an important role during the referendum to oppose disinformation from the ruling elites and to inform Canadians and Quebeckers about why a “Yes” vote should be supported, presenting compelling arguments and the information the people required to make an informed decision.

Discontent with the standing constitutional arrangements had grown across Canada, not just in Quebec. The 1990 Citizens’ Forum on Canada’s Future, also known as the Spicer Commission, in which people participated in large numbers across Canada, showed that the Canadian people did not trust the politicians to draft a new constitution and demanded substantial changes to the political process.

The fact that the “patriated” Constitution 1982 did not guarantee political, social and economic rights has also given rise to many protests and constitutional challenges. Indigenous Peoples across Canada continue to demand the recognition of their hereditary rights, as well as treaty right. Investigations conducted in the early 1990s into abuses of the Indian residential school system exposed like never before the genocidal colonial legacy of Canada towards the Indigenous Peoples, the negation of their rights and the conditions of poverty and neglect to which they have been relegated. Historical fights for Indigenous land claims left unresolved by the constitutional arrangements in place directly confronted large energy projects of monopolies and public utilities such as Hydro-Québec on unceded land. The 1990 “Oka Crisis” was the beginning of a new resistance movement of the First Nations for their rights. This land theft to accommodate private energy projects continues to this day as does the criminalization of Indigenous Peoples exercising their hereditary and constitutional rights.

The recognition of the necessity for renewal had spread throughout society into political, academic and social circles as well as the labour unions and in all regions of Quebec.

The Progressive Conservative Party led by Brian Mulroney subsequently gave rise to the Meech Lake Accord which had the initial approval of the premiers with a deadline for final provincial approval of June 23, 1990. Although the Meech Lake Accord was inadequate in many way, it found support in Quebec because it restored Quebec’s right to a veto, contained a “distinct society” clause introduced to conciliate Quebec to the repatriated constitution and the possibility of more constitutional reform.

Lucien Bouchard, who went on to found the Bloc Québécois in 1991, explained in his book On the Record that he joined the Conservative Party in 1988 as a last attempt at “national reconciliation” after Trudeau’s 1981/82 betrayal. He said he worked with the Conservatives because Mulroney had committed to “repairing the damage done to Quebec and restore its place in the constitution with a new sharing of powers.”

The subsequent failure of the Meech Lake Accord made it clear to Quebec once again that the political elites in Canada would not permit even a watered down recognition of the rights of Quebec to see the light of day. During the debate across the country Quebec was viciously attacked and the views of the people ignored. In the end, neither New Brunswick nor Newfoundland stuck to their original approval. The PC party government appointed a parliamentary committee chaired by Jean Charest to ostensibly examine the provinces’ demands with the result that essential elements of the accord were modified or eliminated. The Chrétien Liberals and others inspired by their past leader Pierre Elliot Trudeau accused the Quebec people of being racists and traitors. A clear message was sent to Quebec that it faced an ultimatum to give up demanding the affirmation of its rights.

After the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord, the Quebec Liberal government of Robert Bourassa in cooperation with Jacques Parizeau and the PQ established the Bélanger-Campeau Commission, an enlarged inter-parliamentary committee of the Quebec National Assembly and the House of Commons which included municipal and school officials, union leaders, representatives from the arts and business people.

With a total of 36 commissioners, the work began in the autumn of 1990 and received 600 submissions, consulted 35 specialists and heard from 235 groups and organizations. Through the work of the Bélanger-Campeau Commission it quickly became clear that a vast majority of Quebeckers and their various organizations rejected the federalist system as established in 1867.

With the ongoing discussion in Quebec on the need for real constitutional change and the recognition of the rights of the Quebec nation, the Bloc Québécois succeeded in defining its role as one of defending the interests of the Quebec nation in the federal parliament. Under the circumstances, this captured the imagination of the Quebec people and in the 1993 federal election, the Bloc won 54 out of the 75 seats in Quebec and became the Official Opposition in the House of Commons when it came in second in terms of the number of seats won in that election when the PCs were decimated and won only two seats.

This created a serious crisis in the federal parliament which lost its equilibrium created at the time of confederation on the basis of the Liberals and Conservatives exchanging positions of power every few years. Since then, the House of Commons has neither recovered its equilibrium, legitimacy, credibility. Its ability to function in the way originally intended as a two-party system — one party in power and one in opposition which, together, claimed to represent the people of all of the country was ended once and for all. For the first time in its history, the federal Parliament had Quebec sovereigntists speaking on their own behalf in Ottawa. Today, neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives or any other cartel party, can claim to represent Quebec. This includes the NDP which won 59 Quebec seats in the 2011 federal election when Quebeckers united to defeat the Harper government by voting NDP.

It was amidst this vibrant atmosphere throughout Quebec that the PQ government of Jacques Parizeau, elected in 1994, took the initiative by calling for a referendum on sovereignty in 1995.

“Yes” rally in Verdun, October 25, 1995.

The referendum bill had passed first reading in the National Assembly. In preparation for the referendum, a copy of the draft bill was sent by the government to every Quebec household along with a copy of the Parizeau-Bouchard-Dumont Tripartite Agreement.

In September 1995, Jacques Parizeau announced in the National Assembly that the referendum would be held on October 30 and presented the wording of the question being posed to the Quebec people:

“Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership, within the scope of the Bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995? Yes or No.”

During the lead-up to the referendum, the Chrétien Liberals along with Daniel Johnson, then leader of the Liberal Party of Quebec, remained the main obstacles to a sober discussion about the demands and needs of the Quebec nation and a modern constitution for Canada. They used lies, distortions, threats and blackmail to stop any rationale coherent discussion from taking place.

The establishment forces engaged in open violations of the Referendum Law, especially in the areas of outside interference in a matter before the Quebec polity by extending a NO side across Canada and violating spending limits set by the Quebec Elections Commission with impunity.

This led to the defeat of the YES vote with a difference in the vote of less than one per cent. The Chrétien Liberals arrogantly called it a “victory over separatism” and refused to even acknowledge the serious outstanding constitutional questions which needed to be resolved.

Verdicts about the violations of the Referendum Law and spending limits by the “No” forces were finally investigated in 2006 when Judge Bernard Grenier was asked by Élections Québec to investigate Option Canada, a lobby group associated with big business and the Liberal and Conservative parties, and allegations of illegal spending by the “No” side during the 1995 Referendum. He determined that $539,000 was illegally spent by the “No” committee during the referendum, not including the October 27, 1995 “unity rally” which was one of the most egregious violations of spending limits by the entire cabal of vested interests who interfered in Quebec’s affairs.

Following the release of Grenier’s report in 2007, there were several demands urging a full federal investigation of the violation of Quebec’s referendum law. This included demands from the Bloc Québécois and the authors of Les Secrets d’Option Canada, journalists Norman Lester and Robin Philpot who in their book detailed their investigation into the funding of the “No” campaign in the 1995 Quebec referendum. All demands for a federal inquiry were dismissed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

The Harper Conservatives, while rejecting any discussion of the need to renew the arrangements that had their origin in the Canadian federation and BNA Act 1867 and the patriated Constitution Act 1982, put forward a motion in the House of Commons in November 2006 stating, “the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada.” The motion passed despite its ambiguous wording and failure to recognize Quebec’s right to self-determination or any rights whatsoever based on the fact that Quebec is a nation in itself.

The motion states that “the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada” but gives no power to that nation that Parliament is said to recognize. Far from it, the attempt of the Harper motion to once again establish the Quebec nation along ethnic lines was designed to feed the deliberate goal of creating division in Quebec and between the federal government and the government of Quebec. The not so subtle difference between how the motion reads in English and how it reads in French is noteworthy. The English version of the resolution reads: “That this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada” which suggests that not those who inhabit the nation of Quebec are Québécois. And, in French, it reads: “Que cette Chambre reconnaisse que les Québécoises et les Québécois forment une nation au sein d’un Canada uni” which tends to refer to the population of Quebec, not the nation. The refusal to recognize all Quebeckers as forming part of the Quebec nation is for purposes of denying its right to self-determination.

In their final year in office the Harper Conservatives together with the Liberal Party continued to deny the national rights of the Quebec people and the need for a modern constitution. The Harper Conservatives passed Bill C-51, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Department of Justice Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act, and even threatened to criminalize the movement for sovereignty in Quebec by branding as traitors those who were said to threaten the “territorial integrity of Canada.” This law was kept in place by the Justin Trudeau Liberals who reneged on their electoral promises to significantly change Bill C-51 if elected.

Following the Referendum, it became common practice to hear all the cartel parties with seats in the House of Commons — the Conservatives, Liberals, NDP and even the Green Party — refuse to address the need for constitutional change. They all claimed that nobody was interested in opening the Constitution, that discussion on the Constitution would revive old controversies and would be counter-productive.

Issues like the abolition of the Senate, cutbacks in the federal health transfer and equalization payments, the Clarity Act (passed by the federal Parliament in 2000, which declared Quebec cannot secede from Canada unilaterally; however, a clear vote on a clear question to secede in a referendum should lead to negotiations between Quebec and the rest of Canada for secession) and the role of the premiers’ meetings were all discussed as single issues. This ignored the obvious need for a modern constitution with arrangements to replace the BNA Act 1867 imposed by British colonialism in the 19th century and the “patriated” Constitution Act 1982, also enacted by the Parliament in England and imposed on the entire people of Canada, as well as on Quebec and the Indigenous Peoples without their say.

The need to renew the Constitution on a modern basis was also starkly brought out by the fact that in 2022, Charles III took the throne of England after the death of his mother Elizabeth II, thus becoming Canada’s official head of state. Despite Canada’s claim to be an exemplar of “democratic” values and sovereignty, it remains “the possession” of a foreign monarch in whom sovereignty is officially vested. And Quebec along with it.

To the credit of several Members of Quebec’s National Assembly (MNAs) the Quebec National Assembly finally passed a bill making the oath of allegiance to the King optional for MNAs, based on the claim that they are elected by the people and represent the people, not the King of England, the fact that the constitutional arrangements which vest the supreme power in the king of England remain intact notwithstanding.

A similar bill in the Canadian Parliament, though courageously supported by the Bloc Québécois and several MP who dared to speak their conscience, failed to pass. All federal MPs are still bound to pay allegiance to the King of England in order to take their seats in the House of Commons.

On the occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the 1995 Quebec Referendum, this rendering of the events and, especially, the police powers which are today being wielded against the people which the Constitutional arrangements of 1867 and 1982 enshrine, underscore the need for a broad discussion on the need for a modern constitution that vests sovereignty in the people. To this day the demands of the people for new arrangements and a modern constitution for a modern society remain unanswered.

Rally in Montreal, October 25, 2025